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Essay about Harappa and Aryans 1500 B.C.E - 1299 Words

All the historical cities from older times have many common features in construction as well as in society, government, religion, and culture. The uniformity among Harappan cities reveals a society that valued order, organization, and cleanliness. Administrators used the same pattern, carefully laying out the cities using a north-south grid pattern with wide streets and large rectangular city blocks. They built most buildings of sturdy baked brick molded to a standardized size. Residential and commercial districts were separated from a smaller area or public affairs. Massive brick ramparts 40 feet thick at their base partially protected it from the river waters and any potential human attackers. Large granaries provide evidence of wealth†¦show more content†¦The available evidence for an organized monarchy is thin, and there were no elaborate palaces, temples, or monuments glorifying leaders. Each city was probably Independent, perhaps governed by some powerful guild of merc hants or a council of common landowning, and religious leaders. The ruins contain few weapons, suggesting that, in contrast to Mesopotamia, war was uncommon. But some people owned beautiful objects of personal adornment, such as necklaces and beads, while others apparently lacked such valuable possessions. the ruins also contain many toys made from clay or wood, indicating a prosperous society that valued leisure for children. Harappan society had unusual gender relations for that era, different from the rigid patriarchies that characterized Mesopotamia or China as governments grew more powerful. Apparently, Harappan husbands moved into their wives’ households after marriage, a practice that suggests a matrilineal system. Yet some customs harmed women. A least some Harappans may have practiced sati, the custom of a widow killing herself by jumping onto the funeral pyre as her dead husband is being cremated. Harappan city-dwellers developed an artistic appreciation, mixing art with religion and even commerce. They made small, square, clay seals, possibly used by merchants for branding their wares; some of the seals contain brilliant portraits of indigenous animals, indulging bulls and water buffaloes as well as the tigers, elephants, andShow MoreRelatedThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pagesabout 2500 B.C.E. depicts a king or a priest from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus valley in present-day Pakistan. Does this figure seem to emphasize the features of a particular person or the attributes of a particular role? Hear the Audio for Chapter 1 at www.myhistorylab.com CRAIMC01_xxxii-031hr2.qxp 2/17/11 3:22 PM Page xxxii EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE page 1 WHY IS â€Å"culture† considered a defining trait of human beings? EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST TO ABOUT 1000 B.C.E. page 5 HOW

Saving Private Ryan Movie Critigue Essay Example For Students

Saving Private Ryan Movie Critigue Essay Word Count: 1182Saving Private Ryan is a fairly new World War 2 movie, which is a blockbuster hit. Its about a private named Ryan who lost three of his brothers in action. Being the only brother left in the family he gets the ticket home. He was dropped on D-Day in German occupied territorries. Unfortunatly no one knows where he is beacuse of misdrops so a team of eight rangers are sent out o find him. During the mission they go through many hard tasks of war. They also lose two of their men and at one point the team almost falls apart. It is truly a heart breaking moment. At the end of the movie they finally find Private Ryan. Suprisingly he decided not to leave his post(protect a key bridge) and fight until reinforcment comes. The captain than decides to stay and help them fight until help comes. They prepare for the German attack and await them. Once the Germans do come, a big battle brakes out and the fight starts. After a feirc fighting only two out of eight rangers and private Ryan survive, the captain dies. The reinforcments came at the last minute and the bridge was saved, but left Ryan with horrible memories of war. We will write a custom essay on Saving Private Ryan Movie Critigue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There were many conflicts in the movie and its very hard to find the main one. One of the conflicts could be man vs. himslef (soldiers vs. feelings about the mission). None of the soldiers saw soldier saw real importance of the mission. It seemed too dangerouse to put eight of their lifes for one of private Ryans. The conflict wasnt reallly resolved because they felt the same way about it until the end. There was also no winner in the conflict or lose. Even the captain showed no inportance in the mission but his loyalty for the assigment was stronger. If I was put in the same spot I would feel exactly the same way. Even though his mother lost three of her sons already, how would my mother feel if she lost her only son. Once again this movie has a lot of messages for the viewers. The strongest message would probably be how devistating and brutal World War 2 was or any war is. this is a very strong message. The viewers are shown the extreme of war brutality. There hasnt been a movie like that in a long time. Its description is greatest ever. thirty five dead, time two wounded these were casualties for just one mission to take a beach. This was only for one regiment. It shows how brutal and deadly it was. After seeing that, one should learn that war and violence is totally unnecessary. After all that there was no winner or loser of World War 2, but only the death of young men. Acting in Saving Private Ryan was unbelievable. The actors such as Tom Hanks and Tom Sizemore gave their best and its probably best ever. The acting made you fel as if you were there. it brought out the emotions out in an ordinary person as myself. even the extras performed an excellent acting that moved the viewers. The actors showed the pain, the anger their emotions as if it was real. Tom Hanks showed pain so real that one could feel it. Watching them going through the hardships shook a tear out in the most feelingless people. The extras such as setting, customes and make up were also excellent. the whole movie looked like it was filmed during world War 2. The costumes and make up made the movie go to the extreme realism. Every signle stain, burn, hole was there as if it was taken off a soldier. Even the unshaved faces or dirt under the nails was what made this movie great and one ofthe kind. The time period was during World War 2 and it was filmed during World War 2 or it seemed. .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016 , .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016 .postImageUrl , .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016 , .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016:hover , .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016:visited , .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016:active { border:0!important; } .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016:active , .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016 .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c37b4539b580d678bfe8362bc3a2016:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The House on Mango Street EssayThe camera movemnet in Ssaving Private Ryan made you feel as if you were a soldier running and fighting in the center of the action. For instence, when the soldiers jumped out of the landing duck so did the camera. The camera jumped in and out of the water as a soldier gasping for air. As the camera moved onto the land out of the water it shook and ran with the rest of the soldiers. It made you realize how it really was. Angel shots were also excellent. It showed soldiers running and screemiong with fear in their faces and grief after the battle. The lighting wasn;t too colorful for a reason.. Colorful movies usually represnt an action movie or a love story. Some kind of movie that has little point or just to make money. Saving Private Ryan colors werent as sharp beacuse theres nothing happy about World War 2. This lighting is used the strongest way at the end of the movie. As the camera looks up at the American Flag the colors were light and weak. The special effects were also great. The explotions and shots were timed perfectly bringng the reality onto the screen. These effects were really good. Right inthe beging as the soldiers landed on the beach and all hell broke lose with the great sounds of war. The ripped bodies flying in the air and peirced with bullets. Armless or legless soldiers crawling around dazed and confused layed and screamed with pain. It was truly a herrific scene. The sounds effects as everyting else were outstanding and captured thr attention of every viewer. the sounds were perfect. Every sound was extremly realistic. Everything from a gunshot to a rain drop was fit in with persition. One of the moments was when the Rangers ran into their first fight after D-Day. The camera was looking at leafs and it slowly it started to rain. As the rain started falling faster and faster, shots of machine guns started. The guns mixed right in with the gun fire. slowly the camera moved to a puddle and slodiers started running through it. All a viewer could see was the feet, but the sound was perfect. The mixture of rain, gun shots and than the footsteps in the puddle was amazing. The whole movie was a flashback. It started with private Ryan walking through the cemetary im Washington D.C. for World War 2 soldiers. he than collapsed on his knees, the camera closed in on his face and faded out into the Omaha beach 1944(D-day)Saving Private Ryan was directed by the greatest Steven Speilberg. This was one of his greatest movies ever, up wiht Shinlers List. he seems to feel strong about World War 2. All his war related movies seem to be outstanding, topping others by a handfull. With this movie he wanted to show the viewers how world Was 2 was damaginbg to the whole world. I also think he was tying to show the loyolty and the strong brotherhood between soldiers, no matter the diffrent religion or ethnic background. i strongly recommend this movie for all. It describes WW2 and the hardships extremly well.

Pearl By John Steinbeck And Kino Essays - The Pearl, John Steinbeck

Pearl By John Steinbeck And Kino The Pearl by John Steinbeck is the story of an intrepid man named Kino and the dilemma that he goes through when he finds a pearl. For the diver Kino, finding a magnificent pearl means the promise of a better life for his impoverished family. This dream blinds him with a greed and initiates the events leading to a terrible tragedy. Stieinbeck's theme for this book is to not let greed overtake you. Kino's family suffered much hardship before they found the pearl. All he ever wanted was to be rich and live the great life, watch his baby grow up and learn to read the books. "My son will read and open the books, and he will write and he will know the writing." When Kino find the pearl... "his emotion broke over him." He now found the one thing that would make him happy. He believed that since he had a pearl he could have all the things he ever wanted or desired. After buying new clothes he had planned to marry Juana, but it was not to be. Having all this power drove him mad. Kino thought that he could handle this power, but he could not. He did not realize that this great gift could result in death not just to his own heart, but to other people around him. This eventually happens when Kino kills a man who was watching him and his wife on the beach. The only reason Kino killed the man was because Kino thought that the man was after his pearl. Kino kills another victim only this time it is his very own son. Eventhough the death of his son was very traumatic for Kino, he and Juana traveled back to his village and threw the pearl back into the sea. Kino now knows that his impetuous thought of wealth leads to nothing but disaster.

A Beginners Guide to Delphi Programming

A Beginners Guide to Delphi Programming Beginner developers eager to master the Delphi programming language should already be familiar with the basics of Microsoft Windows. Learning Delphi is easiest if you  approach it from a guided, tutorial-based frame of reference.   Foundational  Concepts Get started with a history lesson covering the evolution of  (Turbo) Pascal to Delphi 2005, such that Delphi evolved into a rapid-application-deployment framework intended to offer high-performance, scalable applications for online and mobile delivery. After that, explore the meat-and-potatoes of what Delphi actually is and how to install and configure its development environment. From there, explore the main parts and tools of the Delphi IDE. Hello, World! Begin your overview of application development with Delphi by creating a simple project,  writing code, compiling, and running a project. Then  learn about  properties, events, and Delphi Pascal  by creating your second simple Delphi application - allowing you to learn how to place components on a form, set their properties, and  write event-handler procedures to make components cooperate. Delphi Pascal Before you start developing more sophisticated applications by using the RAD features of Delphi, you should learn the basics of the  Delphi Pascal  language. At this point, youll need to start thinking carefully about code maintenance, including code commenting, and how to  cleaning your Delphi code errors - a discussion on Delphi design, run and compile time errors and how to prevent them. Also, take a look at some solutions to most common logic errors. Forms and Databases In just about every Delphi application, we use forms to present and retrieve information from users. Delphi arms us with a rich array of visual tools for creating forms and determining their properties and behavior. We can set them up at  design time  using the property editors and we can write code to re-set them dynamically at runtime.  Look at simple SDI forms and consider some good reasons for not letting your program auto-create forms. Delphi Personal  edition does not offer database support, but you can  create your own  flat  database to store any kind of  data - all without a single data-aware component. Managing Your Work While youre developing a large Delphi application, as your  program becomes more complex, its source code can become hard to maintain. Create your own code modules - Delphi code files that contain logically associated functions and procedures. Along the way you should explore Delphis built-in routines and how to make all the units of a Delphi application cooperate. The Delphi IDE (the  code editor) helps you effectively jump from a method implementation and a method declaration, locate a  variable declaration  using tooltip symbol insight features, and more.

How Dry Shampoo Works to Refresh Hair

How Dry Shampoo Works to Refresh Hair Dry shampoo cleans and refreshes your hair on days you cant use traditional shampoo and water (or choose not to). Heres a look at whether or not dry shampoo actually works and what it does. Key Takeaways: How Dry Shampoo Works Dry shampoo is a product that is applied to hair to reduce oiliness without the need for water.Most types of dry shampoo include a starch, usually from corn or rice, as a key ingredient. The starch absorbs oil and drops away from hair during brushing.Since some product inevitably remains in hair, a dry shampoo can cause hair to feel thicker.While dry shampoo helps improve the appearance of hair, some users dislike the texture it adds to hair.Dry shampoo is not a permanent substitute to washing hair with soap or shampoo. This is because dry shampoo does not remove shed skin cells or control bacteria. What Is Dry Shampoo? Dry shampoo is a powder or a fast-evaporating liquid that your spray or work into your hair that removes excess sebum and other oils and may freshen the scent of your hair. Commercial products contain much the same type of ingredients as homemade dry shampoo, although dry shampoo from a store is more likely to have a uniform texture than a product you make yourself. Both dry and spray-on dry shampoos work the same way. Why Use a Dry Shampoo? Aside from the obvious situation where water isnt available, you may wish to use a dry shampoo for any of the following reasons: Reduces stripping of color by traditional shampoosExtends the life of an expensive blow-outMakes hair easier to styleTakes less time than washing and drying hairMinimizes hair damage since natural protective oils arent strippedFreshens hair if youre coming from a smoky, sweaty, or otherwise smelly situation How Dry Shampoo Works Dry shampoo and wet-dry shampoo works by absorbing oil onto a substance that can be brushed or blown out of your hair. The two main types of dry shampoo are homemade and commercial. Oil-absorbing ingredients you can use to make homemade dry shampoo include corn starch, baby powder, rice starch, orris root, oatmeal, and clay. Feel free to add a couple of drops of lavender essential oil to one of the powders to add a fresh scent. If using baby powder, be sure to use a brand free of asbestos (a common contaminant). Clay, while excellent at controlling oil, may also be contaminated with metals or undesirable minerals (so dont just dig it up from your garden). Because brands dont exactly advertise impurities, its probably safer to stick with corn starch, rice starch, orris root, oatmeal, or some mixture of the these ingredients. Commercial brands typically contain some form of starch, fragrance, and a propellant to help apply product evenly over hair. Some products contain an anti-clumping agent to help disperse particles. A popular commercial spray-on dry shampoo contains isobutane, propane, denatured alcohol, aluminum starch octenyl succinate, butane, fragrance, isopropyl myristate, silica, and cyclopentasiloxane. Only hydrophobic soils, like natural oils and oil-based styling products, are absorbed by the dry shampoo. Dry shampoo will not remove actual dirt, skin flakes, and other chemicals that can make hair look and feel greasy, so most stylists recommend using dry shampoo between regular shampoos to reduce chemical damage to hair or for unexpected emergencies. Most people still need to use regular water-based shampoo to get fresh, clean hair. Dry Shampoo for Animals Dry shampoo isnt just for people! Dry shampoos may be used on furry pets. Commercial pet products are a bit different from ones intended for humans. They may contain conditioning agents, Melaleuca oil to repel fleas, or even pesticides. Pet products may be powder or foams. The shampoo must be worked into the animals coat and then wiped off. Dry shampoo should be used with caution on cats because they lick themselves and will ingest some product. Learn More If youre ready to give dry shampoo a try, make one of these easy homemade dry shampoo recipes. If youre not ready to take the plunge, but are concerned about ingredients in commercial products, make homemade shampoo and learn exactly how shampoo works.

How to run a Web Server at Home Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How to run a Web Server at Home - Assignment Example How to run a Web Server at Home For me I will select â€Å"Server with GUI† Because it has a graphical user interface. It’s easier if you are not familiar with Linux. Otherwise, go a ahead and select â€Å"Basic Web Server.† If you are finish click â€Å"done†. Then, Power on the â€Å"Ethernet.† Done If you want you can setup the time, location, and language preference. From â€Å"Localization† Now, we should be done and ready to install our Centos Operating System as a server. Make sure you set a password for your root. In addition, do not forget to create a user. We are going to wait until it is done. Then we will reboot our virtual machine. After rebooting the system, you will have to accept Licensee information. Then, Finish. Click on Not listed to login as a root. Therefore, we can have access to anything on the system. Type in your username: root Moreover, the password you closed during setup. IP address is very important here. The IP address that is given from your internet provider is your identifier on the web. Therefore, if your IP address is always the same then you do not need to worry about anything. However, if your IP address always changing then you need to setup software that informs the domain that your address has changed. Google it and you should be fine. Version 10.0 of VM Workstation does not recognize Centos OS 7. Therefore, we need to inform VM, we have Linux and it has 3.x kernel. Not doing this Centos OS 7 will not have access to the internet.

A lawsuit involving one or more tort claims Case Study

A lawsuit involving one or more tort claims - Case Study Example Brody Green’s mother who sued Blitz for liability for the death of Mr. Green from an explosion of Blitz manufactured can when he poured gasoline into fire. Blitz won this case but was later ordered by the court to pay $250,000 to Mr. Green’s mother for failing to provide documents related to flame arresters. The other case involved a father, Mr. Calder, of a 2-year old girl in Utah, who sued Blitz in 2010 for damages resulting from the death of his daughter when a can exploded after he, David Calder, was pouring gasoline on the flame. In this case, the court ordered Blitz to pay David Calder $4 million. The article also mentions one case among 36 other cases against Blitz that are still open; the case involves Chad Funchess, a volunteer fire fighter, from South Carolina whose half body was seriously burned when a can exploded in 2007, South Carolina when filling up a chain saw. Generally, these suits claim that the Blitz manufactured cans were predisposed to flashback explosions resulting from gasoline vapors followed the trail of the vapor into the container and ignited. Therefore, they argue that, Blitz ought to have installed flame arrester shields at the containers mouth in order to prevent flashback explosions. This is a case of tort-liability lawsuit, in which plaintiffs are suing the defendant for damages, asking the court to award the compensation on the grounds that the defendant’s negligence resulted on injuries to them. These cases are under the state court although some of the cases-the case of Mr. Green’s mother v. Blitz and that of David Calder v. Blitz-were heard a United States District Court, which are federal courts. As for the cases, Mr. Green’s mother v. Blitz and that of David Calder v. Blitz, Chad Funchess v. Blitz were heard in federal courts because the courts had jurisdiction over the subject matter of the cases as the plaintiffs in the said two cases did not share state of

Continuities and changes of religion in Sub-saharan Africa Essay Example for Free

Continuities and changes of religion in Sub-saharan Africa Essay Sub-saharan Africa has undergone changes with religion such as the changing of religious affiliation to Christianity and the practices of cosmology and ontology, however, Sub-saharan Africa has also remained constant with their thoughts being focused on various beliefs like a creator and evil. Christianity was predominantly the main religion in Sub-saharan Africa opposed to the Muslims of North Africa. Christianity in the Americas slowly began to send out missionaries to spread the Gospel and build churches in Africa. The people began to form their daily lives and rituals accordingly and the population of Christians rose from about 9% to around 63% over the years from the 1900s to modern day. Missions in Africa is most definitely something that Christians in other part of the world have focused on. It seems to be a more targeted area for its other religious practices such as cosmology and ontology. Cosmology and Ontology are more philosophical beliefs in nature, evolution, and the way the world works. In Africa, many small tribes are closed off from communication outside of their tribe, and have practiced certain beliefs for hundreds of years. This belief system tends to lean towards the more relaxed religion and allows freedom for the people in those tribes to do what they want as long as it is parallel to what is right in nature. Everything in this philosophical study is that of nature. Nature is considered holy and worthy of worship. Cosmology and Ontology are how Sub-Saharan Africans attempted to explain our complex world in the simplest way possible that makes sense to them. There were also other beliefs that Sub-saharan Africans developed over time such as the belief in evil beings and eternal paradise. Sub-saharan Africans soon realized that there needed to be some kind of an explanation for what happens when you die, or what evil is. These details did not necessarily help form a new religion, but rather simply added on top of the religions already in place in the Sub-saharan region. In the Niger-congo area, there was a common belief in spirits, a creator of the universe rather than evolution. In other areas, there was the belief in the worship and idolization of ones personal gods whom they gave thanks to and credited much of their life to. These tribes lived their lives to please their gods in order to win favor and win a long and prosperous life. This is also something that was seen in Ancient Greece where Greek Mythology and the worship of gods took place. These people too, lived to please the gods to live a good life. In conclusion, Sub-saharan African has undergone changes in religion such as Christianity and Cosmology, but there was also factors that remained constant throughout the existence of Sub-saharan Africa such as little tribes who believe in pleasing personal gods.

In Defense of Canadas Rejection of the Death Penalty Essay -- Canada

A man, allegedly accused of first degree murder, has been put on a trial to see what his sentence will be. People are outraged and protesting for him to be put on death row. Family and friends of the victim are traumatized, seeking vengeance for the one that they have lost, hoping that Canada can bend the rules just once to get the justice they think they deserve. On the other hand, the prisoner sits in the court room waiting for the verdict that will ultimately change his life forever. He only has two options: if found guilty he will receive life imprisonment, if found innocent he will be let off scotch free. Or there’s always the third choice, the death penalty. How far does the battle have to go to stop him from killing? This could mean bringing back capital punishment to Canada. There’s the theory of an eye for an eye, or also the chance of a wrongful conviction. As with any debate there are pros and cons all weighing up to the final question, should Canada use the death penalty, or continue to use life imprisonment? Although in the United States, most placed do not use the death penalty there are some that still do under certain circumstances. Canada is a Country that has not one province or territory that used the death penalty but Canada hasn’t always used life imprisonment. Between 1892 and 1961, the death penalty was used in Canada and the result was death by hanging. It wasn’t until 1914 that the death penalty was up for debate and the first bill to abolish it completely was made. In 1954, rape did not qualify as a death penalty punishment anymore. The Parliament dived murder into capital and non-capital categories in 1964. It took a long time, but the first time that the bill to abolish the death penalty was debat... ...serli, Joe. . (2010, December 10). In a nutshell. Retrieved from http://www.balancedpolitics.org/death_penalty.htm †¢ Munroe,. (2010, October 31). Canada online . Retrieved from http://canadaonline.about.com/od/crime/a/abolitioncappun.htm †¢ Phil B., . (2010). Phil for humanity . Retrieved from http://www.philforhumanity.com/Capital_Punishment.html †¢ Robinson, Bruce.A. (2007, August 07). Religious tolerance. Retrieved from http://www.religioustolerance.org/executb.htm †¢ Skerrit,. (2009, February 03). Dominica news. Retrieved from http://www.dominica-weekly.com/news/prime-minister-roosevelt-skerrit-supports-the-death-penalty/ †¢ Tackaberry,. (2000, April). Amnesty international. Retrieved from http://www.amnesty.ca/deathpenalty/canada.php †¢ Tempest, Rone. (2008, June 30). Death penalty focis. Retrieved from http://www.deathpenalty.org/article.php?id=42

Life of William Wordsworth Essay

William Wordsworth is considered one of the greatest poets during the English Romantic Period. He is also considered, only next to Shakespeare, one of the greatest sonneteers. There are some historians that even believe that William Wordsworth, along with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Period. This statement has been debated between historians, but one thing that they do agree on is, William Wordsworth shaped the literary era. The Romantic Period was a time that allowed artistic freedom. The early 60’s is the closest period of time that can be related to this time in history. The creativity and experimentation of artists, poets, and ordinary people was beginning to bloom. That was a period of great change. The Classical Period was more controlling. There were strict laws of the Classical Period slowly began to change as Romanticism moved away from such control. The Romantic Period was also a movement of literary and intellectual thinking. Romanticism emphasized on imagination, freedom of feelings, and was mostly connected within the visual arts, music, and literature. Imagination was more important than logic. This period is mostly associated with the arts and poets like William Wordsworth. William Wordsworth, the most significant poet of the English Romantic Period, was greatly influenced as a writer by his childhood, love of nature, and his many relationships. According to Judith W. Page, William Wordsworth was the † central poet of his age† (Gale 1). William Wordsworth’s poetry was drawn from his amazing memory, and was mostly based on Nature, people he watched, and personal experiences. Leslie Brisman said of Wordsworth, â€Å"To call William Wordsworth a â€Å"Memory Poet† is to note how he substitutes personal memories for other assurances of continuity, natural or divine. (276-277). Because each encounter partly transmits and partly reformulates a myth of origins, William Wordsworth’s work seems easy to read, when in fact, he may be the most difficult of the English Poets (278). Many of his poems were based on his own life and his interpretation of it. The memories and encounters that William Wordsworth drew from, started when he was just a small boy. William Wordsworth was born at Cockermouth, Cumberland on April 7, 1770. He was the second of five children. His father was an attorney which allowed them to live a generous life style. At home is where he learned to appreciate poetry. It was his father that gave him the gift of memory, by requiring Wordsworth to memorize poems or parts of poems, it help developed his powerful memory. Relying on his memory became the very basis of his art (Anderson 9). Growing up in the Lake District is where Wordsworth gained his early appreciation for the beauty of nature. The river that he would play in at the age of five, also had influenced his writing (Gale 2). He loved the countryside and the freedom he had to roam for long periods of time. During this time, his imagination began to bloom. Although he enjoyed periods of solitude, he was adventurous, imaginative, and strong-minded (Aubrey 2). To all accounts, he had the perfect childhood till his mother passed away in March of 1778. He and his brothers were sent to a school at Hawkshead and his sister, Dorothy, was sent to live at Halifax. During his time at school, he only returned home for the holidays. He was well educated and prospered. When his father passed away he and his brothers spent the holidays with family who would patronized them and made them feel dependent (Watson 1577-1578). It was back at school at Hawkshead where he was cared for and his direction for poetry is nurtured by William Taylor, the Headmaster at Hawkshead Grammar School. The classes at Hawkshead were well ahead of other school and were unusual for that time (Purkis 22). According to F. R. Watson, â€Å"The Prelude† early years is about his childhood at Hawkshead and not Penrith (1577). Geoffrey Hartman writes that nature for William Wordsworth was not an â€Å"object† but a presence and a power; a motion and a spirit; not something to be worshiped and consumed, but always a guide leading beyond itself. Till 1804 Wordsworth thought that nature was guiding him. It was in 1804, that he discovers it was his imagination guiding him through nature. His imagination was his guide. This realization shakes him, but does not change his point of view (85-90). William Wordsworth love for nature started at an early age. Thomas Gale writes about Russell Noyes, who in his book William Wordsworth, recounted how Wordsworth credited the river with having influenced his poetic writing: â€Å"The sound of running water, he often felt, was almost part of his own being†¦ † (Gale 2). During his college years, he disliked his classes and felt he did not fit in. He wrote in the â€Å"The Prelude† that he believed that he was â€Å"not for that hour,/nor for that place. † (Aubrey 2). Although he did write the poem several poems while at school, one of the more famous one is â€Å"An Evening Walk†, which was meant for his sister, Dorothy. The year before graduation he went for a yearlong walking tour of France, the Alps, and Italy. Several of Wordsworth’s poems were created from this year long walk. His love of nature was magnified as he viewed glorious mountains, valleys, and other various landscapes. The walk through the Alps inspired â€Å"Descriptive Sketches†. Wordsworth stated â€Å"†¦. Nothing that I ever saw in nature left a more delightful impression on my mind than that which I have attempted, alas! how feebly, to convey to others in these lines†¦ † (George 10). The walking tour also gave way to the sixth book of â€Å"The Prelude†. The tour gave him some of his greater imaginative experiences of his life. Michelle Lee writes how â€Å"Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey,† were composed on a walking tour of the Wye River. He advocates the power of Nature. † (245) He returned to college and graduated in 1791, without honors. After graduation, he climbed Mount Snowdon, the highest peak in Great Britain. This was an important event that he later incorporates in the final book of â€Å"The Prelude†, giving it a great symbolic importance (Aubrey 2). After climbing Mt. Snowdon, William Wordsworth returned to France i n November of 1792. During this time, the French Revolution was at its peak. This was also the time when he met and befriended Republican soldier, Michael Beaupuy. With the growing friendship between the two men, Wordsworth enthusiastically embraced the revolutionary cause. This was also the time when he had an affair with Annette Vallon, who later gave birth to his daughter. These were times that began to change and shape Wordsworth and his poetry. In 1795 he meets William Godwin and is influenced by his ideas. This is also the year that he is reunited with his sister Dorothy, with whom he is very close to. The relationship between brother and sister is also cause for several of his poems. Two years later the encounter that changes the Romantic Period, according to some historians, occurs when Wordsworth meets Coleridge for the first time. William and his sister, settled at Al Foxden in Somerset to be near Coleridge. Margaret Drabble writes that this was a period of intense creativity for both poets. This period produced the Lyrical Ballads, which was a landmark in the history of English Romanticism. The three friends, William, Dorothy, and Coleridge traveled and explored. They made new friendships notably with Sir W. Scott, Sir G Beaumont, and De Quincey (1085). These were happy times and times when he was taken mental notes that would soon turn into poetry. It was the death of his brother in 1805 that changed his joy to sadness. The death of his brother inspired several poems including Elegiac Stanzas Suggested by a Picture of Peele Castle. With the passing of his brother, William suddenly becomes opposed to Romance and Realism (Hartman 91). His brother’s death was not the only death to inspire some of his greater works. The death of two of his children inspired his sonnet Surprised by Joy (Drabble 1085). William Wordsworth died in April 23, 1850. It was after his death, his sister published â€Å"The Prelude†, his greatest work. His life, from start to finish, is expressed in this great piece of literature. Throughout William Wordsworth life, he went through many changes. He married his long time family friend, Marry Hutchinson and had a family. His view on religion changed, along with his thoughts on the political society. William Wordsworth’s poems are all created from the memories of his life experiences and the visions of his travels. Through many friendships and emotional relationships, Wordsworth created some of the greatest poems of the Romantic Period. He was an influence on great poets such as; Samuel Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Shelley, and John Keats. There is still a question of whether or not William Wordsworth launched the Romantic Period, but there is no doubt that he shaped the literary work of that time. William Wordsworth, who was greatly influenced as a writer by his childhood, love of nature, and his many relationships, is by far the most significant poet of the English Romantic Period.

History of Culinary Arts Essay

The history of culinary arts started in the early 1800 when the first cooking school in Boston was established to teach the art of American cooking and prepare the students to deliver and forward their knowledge to others. It was in 1896 Fannie Merritt Farmer published the first cook book; the book was written referring the Boston cooking school. In the year 1946 the first cooking show was telecasted on the televised. After thatJames Beard the father of American cuisine conducted regular cooking classes concentrating on the art of American cooking. In 1960s the French cuisine has been entered the American society by Julia Child. Later in the year the Culinary Institute of America (CIA) was founded and established this was the first culinary school that offers career-based courses of course in the art of cooking. The first campus of the CIA was inNew York and was started in 1972 and now there are Different types of cooking schools that offer different kinds of training programs to its candidates and the selection of the appropriate culinary arts and it can be determined by considering the goals and interests and aid to choose the education programaccordingly. The school was begun with the intention of offering education courses in culinary arts. The school offers both long term and short term courses. There are a number of students who enrol in the CIA and each year and the number of applicants increase. Prior to the establishing of the CIA, those who wanted to have a career in culinary arts typically had to go through many tests and challenges like until they become seasoned chefs by gaining on-the-job trainings. Looking at this today internships and recruitments are among the main essentials. â€Å"

Newspaper articles Essay Example

Newspaper articles Essay Example Newspaper articles Essay Newspaper articles Essay By considering presentational, structural and linguistic devices, compare and contrast the ways in which Paradorn Srichaphan is portrayed in these two newspaper articles. No time for girls and Paradorn a tale of the unexpected are two different articles that were printed in the papers on the same day, by the same publishers. They are both sports features about rising Asian tennis star Paradorn Srichaphan and so there are many similarities.Since one is from the tabloid Streats and the other is from the publishers broadsheet newspaper The Straits Times, there are many differences in the linguistic, presentational and structural devices used to portray Paradorn. Because of the difference in newspaper type and viewpoints, the two articles follow contrasting writing styles. As expected of most tabloid features, the article, No time for girls, follows a very informal register. There are many questions which are then answered through direct speech and the language is very colloquial.The register in Paradorn A tale of the unexpected, although very formal compared to the tabloid article, is informal for an article appearing in a broadsheet. This is due to the type of article it is, a sports feature. The article consists of numerous quotes from Paradorn and other people, which makes it seem informal. However, the actual article, written by the journalist, has a range of complex and varied vocabulary and syntax, such as impromptu and confidante. In both cases, the readers will be very selected and so, the journalists can afford to be informal.The tone in newspaper articles is often determined by the register. The broadsheet article follows a formal , reported tone while No time for girls follows a fairly informal tone. A reason for this difference in tone is the source of the articles. The article appearing in the broadsheet newspaper is written by media giant AFP, which means that it has a worldwide audience. It is therefore very formal in both register and tone. The tabloid article is written by a local journalist. Since the audience is only the local community, he has chosen to make it informal.Considering that he has written the article for a small audience, the article is a lot more personal. This would help the readers empathise with Paradorn and his sudden climb to success. Journalists often use a pyramidal writing style to organise the information, giving the important facts at the beginning of the article and going into further depth later on. Neither of these articles uses this stereotypical writing style. Since they are both sports features, there is an abundance of relevant and trivial information throughout the pi eces.Although they dont follow it strictly, the important information is given to the reader at the beginning of Paradorn a tale of the unexpected. In the opening paragraph, the journalist has expanded on the heading and outlined the purpose of the article, to inform the readers of the unexpected success of Paradorn. Although the article in Streats begins by directly addressing the title, the rest of the article does not follow the pyramidal structure. The opening is very colloquial and it therefore does not present the facts directly to the reader.In the case of both articles, the readers could get confused while reading as there is no flow between the topics and paragraphs. The paragraphing in the article, No time for girls is not very consistent. Paragraphs sometimes change too abruptly and there is no uniformity in the changing of paragraphs. On two occasions, the journalist has put forward indirect questions which Paradorn goes on to answer. On one occasion, he changes the par agraph after the question and in the other instance, the question and the answer are in the same paragraph.In Paradorn a tale of the unexpected, paragraphs consistently change with progress in time, topic and speech and all paragraphs are well linked. The lexemes in the articles are carefully picked and there are many words that belong to the semantic field of tennis in both articles. They use similar phrases, such as claimed the scalps, which is often used in tennis. It is used to describe the way in which he beat the worlds top tennis players. This gives a gruesome image in the readers minds, as the phrase originates from the Indians of the USA, who used to kill their enemies and then take their scalp, as a sign of victory.This is a contrast to Paradorns character off the court as he is otherwise portrayed as a gentle and kind man. Apart from many words from the semantic field of tennis, the tabloid article contains many words which are synonyms to the words class and glamour. Th ere are many repetitions of the words fame and success which gives an impression that he is basking in his easy climb to fame. Tabloids often approach issues from this view point and tend to sensationalise the topic. They do this to interest the audience and keep their attention.This viewpoint is a contrast to reality and the other broadsheet article, which portrays Paradorn as a very down-to-earth and subdued person. The words, such as modest and frugal in the broadsheet article, complement the picture and help to emphasize the modest nature of Paradorn. Being features, both articles are filled with speech. By following the journalistic devices of using reported speech to lead into direct speech, the journalists add effect to the quote and further emphasize the points being made. Most of the quotations are from Paradorn himself, to find out how he feels about his climb to success.The speech in the tabloid article is printed to look like an interview, with Paradorn answering the ind irect questions of the journalist. This makes it very clear to the readers as to what he is addressing. The other article adds quotes where needed and makes good use of reported speech to lead into the quotes. For example, Paradorn was a model child she said, adding: He was very polite and respectful to everyone. The use of reported speech to lead into quotes is useful to the journalists as they can interpret the speech in different ways to emphasize their viewpoint.Since they are both published on the same day, one would expect some of the quotations to overlap, but, even when addressing the same subject, the quotes in both articles are different. When asked when he would get married, the tabloid quotes him as saying, maybe Ill find one when Im 30, but the broadsheet quotes him as saying Id say when I reach 30 Ill think about it. The article in the broadsheet newspaper says, His private life has not been fodder for Thailands tabloid press though. This is a very ironic statement as the article in the tabloid newspaper, Streats, is all about his private life, girls and marriage.Since the broadsheet article is written by AFP, the local publishers could have taken the idea from that comment and written about his private life. The broadsheet article has a typical layout, with a picture at the top, followed by the text. The tabloid article, however, uses some unusual presentational devices. The sub-heading is placed above the headline for the convenience of the reader and tells them what the article is about. They also add a fact file on the right-hand side so that the reader can have a quick glance at Paradorns major achievements.Apart from this, there is a lot of information within a small area which would help the newspaper save space and therefore, money. It states in the tabloid article that the King is his biggest fan. The picture on the top of the broadsheet article is a picture of Paradorn at the feet of the King of Thailand. This shows that he is still a down-to-earth person despite the privileges he gets. His respect for the king is very high and this is emphasized by the fact that he presented the King with the first international trophy he won and his falling at his feet.This picture could be viewed from a different angle. It could imply that he is taking advantage of success and socialising with royalty. The caption says THE KING AND I: which refers to the picture as well as the famous musical. The picture in Streats portrays glamour and class. This articles focus is on glamour so, it has a picture of him in his new Mercedes Benz. The caption contains an example of typical journalese, Merc-merising, which is the fusion of the car brand and mesmerising. Journalists often blend words with the use of a hyphen to emphasize a point.An interesting point is that although the publishers are the same, the two pictures come from different sources, one from Reuters and the other from AFP. This could show that the two media giants want to portray different views of Paradorn. The broadsheet article, which portrays the tennis player as homely, concludes by saying that he has a weakness for cars and so, bought a Mercedes. This is a comparison of viewpoints as the focus of the tabloid article is the last paragraph of the broadsheet article.Considering that only 50% of the readers that read the headline get to the end of the third paragraph of an article, not many readers would get to the last paragraph and therefore, it is clearly not very important to the broadsheet article. Both articles portray very contrasting views of Paradorn Srichaphan. The tabloid portrays a Paradorn of glamour and class, which is contradictory to the broadsheet article as well as to reality. To a majority of tennis fans, Paradorn is really a tale of the unexpected. Despite the sudden success, he has remained the homely and down-to-earth Thai boy he was brought up to be!

6 Budget-Friendly Ways to Get Writing Help for Your Paper of Any Complexity

6 Budget-Friendly Ways to Get Writing Help for Your Paper of Any Complexity 6 Budget-Friendly Ways to Get Writing Help for Your Paper of Any Complexity It’s no secret that college can be extremely expensive, and most college students are on tight budget. You may not afford writing help for a high price, but we’ve created a list of six budget-friendly options. Here are several ways to get the qualitative help you need without breaking the bank. 1.   Pay for Advisory Services Only The cheapest option for academic writing help is to pay only for general guidance on your writing, rather than for an entire paper. This service can include brainstorming a good topic, organizing, structuring your essay and proofreading/editing your completed draft. Such writing helpers can give you the extra boost you need to write an excellent paper on your own. 2. Pay an Older Student to Write Your Paper Many senior college students write papers for younger ones to make extra cash. Ask around your college campus to see if there are students available to perform such a service. While you are searching for writer help, make sure you are able to get opinion on the quality of this person’s work. To pay a senior student for the paper is a great chance to save money, as they are likely to charge much less than professional services. 3. Think about Friends Who May Do You a Favor Do you have any friends who are excellent writers? Perhaps they would be generous enough to write a paper for you, or, at least, to offer suggestions and advice. If you are strong in another academic subject, such as mathematics, you may provide your mate with â€Å"friend help† in exchange. Even if your friend wants some money for such a favor, he/she will charge you less than a professional academic writer would. 4. Use a Free Online Library There are several resources on the Internet, such as free online libraries, that provide you with papers on a variety of subjects. These papers can be used as examples to help inspire ideas for your essay. You can also use the sample essay as a model for how to structure your own paper. Such a method does not allow you to get writing help from another person, it just gives you a chance to see how a proficient writer has handled the topic similar to the one you are coping with. 5. Ask Your Professor for Help Of course, your professor is not going to write the paper in your stead, but he/she may offer you valuable advice. Most professors are required to have office hours, the time period, when the professor sits in his/her office so that students can come and ask their questions. Your professor can clarify any questions you have concerning the assignment, as well as he/she can give you tips on how to overcome the obstacles you have faced. Your professor is the one who will assign your grade, so his/her advice can be especially helpful. Moreover, professors are likely to be more generous while grading a student who has taken the initiative to come for advice! 6. Join a Study Group There are many study groups in the universities for students to get together and work on assignments, or answer one another’s questions. See if the class you are writing the paper for has a study group, or try to start one. You and students who are dealing with the papers on the same subject can discuss topic ideas, clarify questions, and even proofread one another’s papers. Getting qualitative writing help does not always put a strain on your finances. Try using one of these six options to help you produce a high-quality paper at a low cost!

Abandoned vehicle problem evidences Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abandoned vehicle problem evidences - Assignment Example An abandoned vehicle can be plainly defined as a vehicle gone unattended, left parked with no information about the owner and further parked within an area of 10 feet or more or less the same, for a time period of 48 hours and in the publicly used or mostly in the privately owned area for around 30 days, without the permission or consent of the zone owner (Alaska Department of Administration, 2011). Some of the most common reasons of the car abandoning are as follows: Most of the cars abandoned in Jeddah are by the expats who do not find enough time to dispose of their cars and travel back to their native lands without going through the hassle of disposing off their vehicles. Some abandoned vehicles, that as in fulfill the above definition of vehicle abandoning i.e., stay parked at airports or other areas for a period of 30 days are actually left or parked by expats until their return from vacations from their native lands. Majority of these cars are old and derelict for a safe daily based use and parked as useless by the owner after they have removed all the proves of their ownership. Another big part of these abandoned cars come from both the local residents and expats who flee away from holding any accountability to the money owed for the cars, most of which comprise of luxurious sports cars. Some abandoned cars are highly under car loan defaults and the owners look for sneak away by parking the cars as unrecognized. Because of the above reasons and further many not identified properly, the car abandoning has turned into one of the biggest reportable issues of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, specifically in Birman and Jeddah. According to reports, Law enforcement officers have been into devastating nightmares dealing with the abandoned vehicles that have apparently been aggressively multiplying over the time. The major threats and environmental nuisance these abandoned vehicles are posing is rising alarmingly. They are taking up unwanted space and creating a se nse of insecurity amongst the normal residents as the long parked cars give a secure pathway for crimes (Historic Vehicle, 2012). Another big issue related to the vehicle abandoning is that they, if seen from a financial perspective are a big block towards making the cash liquid. Liquid cash is very important for the refining and uplifting of economic standards and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is amongst the strongest Arab economies. Their strength is most looked after for the viable working of the Arab and most importantly the economy of all the Muslim countries. A block of average 7200 vehicles per month is a bid hindrance to the smooth working of their economic system. The reinforcement authorities have actively involved Department of Specialized Hygiene of the Waste Department of Municipality to draft out feasible and practical strategies to work over the abandoned vehicles. Now, these abandoned cars are left at wait for the owner’s contact for maximum six months. During t his time, efforts are made to trace the owner and the vehicle is also printed in newspaper for any whereabouts of the owner. If the owner gets traced, he is levied with a penalty and warned to dispose of the vehicle officially or otherwise keep the vehicle and clear off the claims that the vehicle holds. Regular checks are made about the outstanding vehicle schedules that had prompted the owner to attempt silent abandoning (Seatlle, 2013). If the owner is found to have

What Is Federalism Examples How Federalism Has Evolved From Its Essay

What Is Federalism Examples How Federalism Has Evolved From Its Origins To The American Political System - Essay Example This period marked a significant development from the older structure since, unlike dual federalism, cooperative federalism had been capable of promoting a kind of federalism that could nurture accomplishments brought about by the presence of harmonious relationship and communication between the governing bodies. Former attempts to restrict allocation of powers were replaced by political attitudes that exhibited willingness to complete a fair share of tasks or duties and to recognize each other’s rights within the federal system. Through this phase, federalism managed to have remedied in part socio-economic problems through the authorization of the national income tax which further addressed the need to sustain the grant-in-aid system (Greene). Out of the cooperative federalism evolved yet another form called ‘contemporary federalism’ which took effect from 1970 until 1997. This phase was found to bear unpleasant inconsistencies in the federal governance due to is sues on federal regulations, increasing lack of funds for federal mandates, and especially worsening disputes over matters that involved determination of the nature and substance of federalism. Apparently, as exemplified in the phases that depict the manner by which federalism evolved, no one form or structure seemed to have stabilized the American federal system which to this day remains a controversial open-ended subject of arguments. (2) Examine three to five (3-5) factors that have allowed the concept of federalism to shape American political behavior. I -- The desire for the process of unification to respond to the unsettled concerns of those who had been declared free by virtue of independence from the British rule: Even after the Declaration of Independence, the American citizenry...The nation, however, observed and felt a great deal of inadequacies in the Articles of Confederation that it sought to nullify the latter and instead, draft a new Constitution that would make poss ible the existence of a federal government whose set of formal authorities ought to be shared within a setting that consists of a national government and a state government. While this system of governance is well identified with the principle of federalism, the governmental structure at the time was not bound to be the same over the course of U.S. history. Eventually, such federalism would be subject to undergo phases of development that had led to the current political weather of the American society and economy as a whole. As one instance of evolution, back in the span between 1789 and 1901, the original state of federalism turned into what had become known as ‘dual federalism’ whereby the states and their people fervently agreed on granting the central government a limited range of explicitly enumerated powers. For one, the complexities of grounds or situations occurring in either state or national affairs upon which policies are made and regulated account for a factor which determines how the interaction between the states and the U.S. federal government must proceed.

Communication study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Communication study - Essay Example This chapter attempts to explore the use of indexes and scales as a measure of variable in social science research. It also discusses the various typologies employed in both qualitative and quantitative research (Babbie, 2012). Indices in this case are used to measure an individual item in relation to their importance in the concept being established. Babbie (2012) notes that indexes are normally used to measure a given social issues affecting people in the society. A scale, on the other hand, is used as a tool for ascertaining the intensity of emotions or attitude of an individual. Babbie (2012) reveals that the scales employed by the social scientists in research are normally constructed in the ordinal data level. Likert, semantic differential and Bogardus Social Distance Scales, are the typically examples of scales normally used by social scientists in their studies according to Babbie (2012). Babbie (2012) also considers the effectiveness of scales and indexes as a measure of variables in this chapter. In this regard, it comes out that scales are perceived to work better than indexes. This is because scales take into consideration the feelings being measured, as well as the intensity of the question asked, according to Babbie (2012). There are normally several data collection methods used by social scientists. Sampling is one of the most popular methods used for data collection. Sampling refers to the data collection method in which a given small sample is taken as a representative of an entire population according to Babbie (2012). In this chapter, Babbie (2012) explores sampling as a data collection technique used by social scientists. It also attempts to examine the various sampling techniques used by researchers, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of sampling as a data collection technique. Babbie (2012) reveals that sampling technique has been

Effect of Enzyme Catalase on Hydrogen Peroxide

Effect of Enzyme Catalase on Hydrogen Peroxide Introduction In this experiment, I am going to determine the effect of different concentration of enzyme catalase on the rate of reaction of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Normally, hydrogen peroxide is produced naturally in human or plant cell. Hydrogen peroxide is the by-product of respiration. As an oxidizer, it will decompose to form oxygen and water. The chemical equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2. The reaction is speeded up by the presence of enzyme, namely catalase which is used in this experiment. This mechanism is important in living organisms cells and body system particularly in human. This is because the corrosive characteristic of hydrogen peroxide may damage the wall of liver where it is largely produced during cellular respiration process. When it is present in high concentration, it is an aggressive and powerful oxidizer, whereby it is unstable and also hazardous as it will corrode many substances including human skin. Therefore, concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the cell should be constantly regulated. When hydrogen peroxide is used for the purpose of experiment, this highly corrosive material should be kept in a container made up of non-reactive material such as glass. However, at low concentration, hydrogen peroxide can be used as disinfectant and antiseptic for medicinal uses. In this context, catalase, a teramer of four polypeptide chains is made up of over 500 amino acids long. It is also categorised as globular protein in which the polypeptide chain is highly folded into a compact spherical shape. There is also active site available to bind to the hydrogen peroxide substrate to form enzyme-substrate complex. It is further adapted with four porphyrin heme groups to react with hydrogen peroxide. Besides, the enzyme catalase is known to be one of the enzymes that possess a high turnover number. Its turnover number can be up to 600 000 whereby one molecule of enzyme catalase can catalyse the decomposition of 600 000 molecules of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water at body temperature. This reaction is known as catabolic reaction as the hydrogen peroxide molecule is broken down into oxygen and water which are comparatively smaller. Sometimes, catalase also uses hydrogen peroxide to oxidise toxins including Phenols, Formic Acid, Formaldehyde and Alcohols. I n this experiment, potato is chosen to be tested due to the presence of catalase in it. However, other organisms such as fungi or yeast can be used as well as they are producers of enzyme catalase. Enzyme is used to speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Activation energy or free energy of activation, is the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction the energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bond can break for a reaction to occur. Enzyme functions as biological catalyst in many chemical reactions that occur inside our body. For example, saliva secretes enzyme amylase which catalyses the hydrolysis of carbohydrates in the mouth. Not only does enzyme play an important role in maintaining efficient function of body system, it is largely used in industrial field as well to speed up the production rate. For example, protease is commonly used in biological detergent for domestic washing and rennin is used in manufacture of cheese. For an enzyme to carry out its function effectively, active site should present on the surface of the polypeptide chain. An active site is a groove or pocket formed by the folding pattern of the protein. This active site has particular chemical composition and electrical charges on the amino acids, which make up the specificity of the enzyme, in which it allows only certain substances to bind to it. When the substrates bind to the active site, here the working mechanism of enzyme starts. The binding of the substrate to the active site bring the substrates closer and thus aids in bond formation in anabolic reaction. In catabolic reaction, the active site may distort the shape of substrate to break its bond. When the products are formed, the substances no longer fit into the specific shape of the enzyme and will leave the active site of the enzyme. The enzyme is free to bind to another substrate and catalyse another reaction. The enzyme is not altered at the end of reaction. As enzyme contains specific shape and charge on its active site, its activity is easily affected by the changes in the surrounding conditions. Generally, different pH, temperature, concentration of substrate or concentration of enzyme has a large impact on its efficiency in carrying out its function. Whenever the changes in surrounding such as change in pH or temperature alter the bonding between the R group of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain which form the active site, the shape of active site will change and thus the substrate will no longer bind to the site. At this point, the enzyme is said to be denatured. On the other side, when the temperature or pH is optimum for the reaction, the rate of reaction is the highest. Although the optimum pH and temperature may vary from one another, optimum temperature for most enzymes functioning in human body system is often 37 Â °C. However, the presence of inhibitors or cofactors may alter the enzyme activity as well. In this experi ment, the effect of enzyme concentration is chosen to be investigated on the rate of reaction catalysed by enzyme catalase. An increase in enzyme concentration will increase the active site available and thus increase the rate of reaction until it reaches maximum velocity when all active sites of the enzyme molecules are engaged. Problem Statement: Do different concentrations of enzyme affect the rate of reaction? Objectives: To investigate the effect of different concentrations of catalase on the rate of reaction to catalyse the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide To determine the presence of catalase on the rate of reaction of hydrogen peroxide. To develop effective experimental skills throughout the experiment Aim: To determine the effect of different concentrations of enzyme on the enzyme activity Hypothesis: The higher the concentration of enzyme, the higher the rate of reaction until a maximum velocity is reached. Techniques: Use a water displacement technique to determine the volume of oxygen gas evolved Calculate the rate of reaction by using the gradient of the graph Materials: Freshly mashed or blended potato, 3.0 % hydrogen peroxide solution, buffer solution (pH 6.5), distilled water Apparatus: Boiling tubes, graduated tubes, 500 ml beaker, weighing balance, spatula, delivery tube, stop watch, measuring cylinder, dropper, rubber bung, weighing dish Variables: Variable How the variable is determined 1. Manipulated Concentration of catalase By using different mass of blended potato at 1g, 2g, 3g and 4g. Different masses of blended potato indicate the difference in concentration of catalase in its content. 2. Responding The volume of oxygen gas released By recording down the reading on the graduated tubes at 30 seconds interval. 3. Constant pH Volume and Concentration of hydrogen peroxide By using buffer solutions at pH 6.8 throughout the experiments By using the same volume and concentration of hydrogen peroxide, which is 2.5cm3of 3.0 % hydrogen peroxide throughout the experiment Procedure: 1 g of the freshly prepared or blended potato is transferred into a boiling tube. 5 cm3 of buffer solution is added into the tube and it is swirled to mix the substrate. A graduated tube is filled with water to the brim. It is placed carefully into a beaker of water. One end of the delivery tube is placed into the graduated tube with the other end with rubber bung ready to fix with boiling tube. 2.5 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solution is measured and it is added into the boiling tube containing the potato and buffer solution. The tube is immediately closed with a rubber bung connected to the delivery tube. A stopwatch is started by one member of the pairs in conducting this experiment. The volume of gas released is measured for every 30 seconds for 5 minutes or until the gas evolution stops. The experiment is repeated using 2g, 3g and 4g of freshly blended potato. The results obtained are recorded in a table. Graphs for volume of gas released against time is plotted for each concentration or amount of enzyme used. The initial rate of reaction for each concentrations of enzyme used are worked out. Discussion: Based on the above experiment, the effect of different concentrations of enzyme on the rate of reaction is successfully determined. Five graphs are plotted based on the results obtained in the experiment to show the data in a clearer way and provides a better mean for analysing. The results show that the rate of reaction is increased by an increase in enzyme concentration. In this experiment, potato is used as source of catalyse. The first four graphs showing oxygen gas evolved against time are drawn based on respective mass of blended potato used. The initial rate of reaction is measured from each graph by obtaining the gradient of the graph. A predicted line is drawn on each graph. Generally, the longer the time taken, the higher the volume of oxygen gas evolved. In the beginning, all graphs show an rapid increase , the speed is the slow down as some of the substrates are converted to products. For the substrate at 1 and 2 g of bended potato used, the maximum volume of oxygen gas e volved has reached within 300 seconds and a plateau is obtained. This is because the reaction has completed for all substrates. Theoretically, the maximum volume of oxygen gas released should takes a shorter time as compared to 1g and 2 g of potato as more active site are offered. However, In the 3 and 4 g of blended potato which react, the maximum volume of oxygen is unable to be obtained within 300 seconds. This is probably due to some errors conducted throughout the experiment, particularly due to the vigorous and rapid reaction and in the process of changing the graduated tube. The errors will be discussed later. The initial rate is taken because the rate of reaction is rapid as the collision between the substrate and enzyme is the highest. The rate of reaction may not be reliable to be compared between data if readings are taken in the middle of the experiment because some reactions have reached the maximum rate. The initial rate of reaction for hydrogen peroxide with 1g, 2g, 3 g and 4g of blended potatoes are 0.0611, 0.2895, 0.6579 and 0.7000 cm3/ s respectively. The initial rate of reactions for all the experiments are then compiled into the fifth graph. This shows a clearer picture on the effect of concentration of substrate on the rate of reaction. Initially, there is an increase in the rate of reaction when the mass of blended potato increases. This is because the increase in the concentration of enzyme offers more active site for the binding of substrate. Then, the slope of increasing line becomes less steep with further increase in concentration of enzyme. This is because the active site has been occupied by the substrates or it is said to be saturated whereby the increase in substrate has no further effect on the rate of reaction. Theoretically, the graph should reach a maximum velocity where the plateau occurs in the graph. However, in this experiment, the plateau is not shown because most probably the concentration of enzyme is not high enough to bind to all the 3.0 % of hydrogen peroxide substrate. However, throughout the experiment some errors might occur in which the real values may not be obtained. Firstly, there is a high tendency for the reading obtained from water displacement method to be inaccurate especially when the volume of oxygen gas evolved are too much that the first graduated tube is fully filled with oxygen gas and when the delivery tube has to be transferred to the next prior-prepared graduated tube. The delivery tube transferring process may consume some time particularly if a rubber delivery tube is used instead of a glass delivery tube. This will cause some of the oxygen gas to escape into the water during the process. Next, parallax error may occur as well when the reading is taken from the graduated tube on the volume of oxygen gas evolved. This is because oxygen gas is a colourless gas, in which its level is not so clearly seen on the calibration of the graduated tube. To minimise the errors, the experiment is repeated twice and the mean reading is obtai ned. To further increase the accuracy of the results, a piece of white paper can be placed behind the graduated tube to make the reading easier. Next, the possible error is greater if the experiment is carried out individually. This is due to the human limited ability to record the reading and at the same time watch over the time. Inaccuracy may arise. In this case, a pair work is preferred in this experiment as one of the members times and the other one record the readings obtained. Next, when the mashed potato is poured into the boiling tube from the weighing dish, some potato may be left in the weighing dish. To minimise this error, a few drops of distilled water can be used to rinse the weighing dish to ensure there is no residue left. Consequently, there are a few precautions that ought to be taken to increase the accuracy of the results obtained. For each experiment, the potato used must be freshly mashed or blended. If the potato is prepared in a container, the lid of the container should be kept closed after the desired mass of blended potato is scooped out for each and every experiment. The preparation of blended potato in a beaker which is exposed to the air should be prevented because oxidation will occur and this may affect the activity of enzyme catalase in it. Changes in surrounding such as temperature may also induce changes in the enzyme. A blended potato is used instead of discs of potato so that it will react easier. Its viscosity should be reduced so that it is easier to use. Next, hydrogen peroxide has to be stored in an opaque container as it breaks down quickly when exposed to light. The lid of the container that contains hydrogen peroxide solution should be kept closed after each desired sample i s taken out using a dropper as the oxygen in the surrounding air may oxidise its content and causes the results to be inaccurate. A buffer solution is used to ensure the pH is kept constant throughout the experiment. The buffer solution of citric acid sodium phosphate solution which has a pH of 6.8 is used because this is the optimum pH for the enzyme catalase. Furthermore, a water bath is preferable as the surrounding temperature may change throughout the experiment. In addition, as the rubber bung of the delivery tube should be of the same size as the boiling tube to ensure all the opening of the boiling tube containing enzyme and substrate is fit tightly, it should be pushed and twisted with care. It should also be checked from time to time to ensure there is no leakage of product in gaseous form to the surrounding. Besides, the other open end of delivery tube should be placed in water all the time for the bubble of gas to form and rise to its surface. The presence of air bubbles ensure that the rubber bung is still in contact with the boiling tube unless the substrate and enzyme has completely reacted. To fix the graduated tube in place, a retort stand and clamp can be used. Besides, the boiling tube containing reactants and enzyme ought to be swirled throughout the experiment to ensure the substrate and enzyme react. This may increase the rate of collision between the reactants and enzymes and thus fasten the time taken for the reaction to complete. Throughout the experiment, some safety measures should be abided by. As the substrate used in this experiment which is hydrogen peroxide is highly corrosive, rubber glove should be used to protect the skin. After the hydrogen peroxide is used, it should be disposed off and not to be returned to stock bottles as any contaminants may result in decomposition and explosion may occur. The blended potatoes have to be handled carefully as well as it will irritate some peoples skin. A lab coat should be put on. The glass wares and the delivery tube used should be handled carefully as they are fragile. Conclusion: The hypothesis is accepted. The presence of enzyme increases the rate of reaction of hydrogen peroxide. When the concentration of enzyme increases, the rate of reaction increases until a maximum velocity is reached. Limitations: The species of potato Different species of potato may contain various concentration sof catalase The age of potato An older potato may have lower concentration of catalase The freshness of potato The concentration of catalase may vary in different potatoes which are stored in different ways before experiment. Storage at high temperature may cause the enzyme to denature Part of potato used Different parts on the potato may have different amount of catalase. Further Work: The effect of temperature on the enzyme activity The effect of different concentrations of substrate on the enzyme activity The effect of pH on the enzyme activity The effect of concentrations of enzyme on activity of other type of enzyme such as amylase on starch The effect on the rate of reaction of hydrogen peroxide by using different concentration of fungi as the source of catalase

Essay --

Damon Perez Mrs. Mcgillivray 8th Grade Science 18 December 2013 Incarceration is the process of being sent to prison. The top 10 reasons people are sent to prison are: larceny, drug possession, public intoxication, fraud, theft, aggravated assault, armed robbery, DUI, homicide, and rape. Women are 20% of people arrested. About 15% of people that are arrested are released within 4 hours or less - and about 66% are released within 48 hours. Some people that are arrested are released on bond - 46%. Some people who are arrested are charged with felonies - 25%, the other people were charged with misdemeanor offenses - 75%. There are differences between prison, jail, and juvenile detention. Prisons are operated by state governments and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). They are designed to hold individuals convicted of crimes. People serving long sentences (over a year) go to prison. Jails are most often run by sheriffs and/or local governments. They are designed to hold individuals awaiting trial or are serving short sentences. People serving short sentences (a year or under) go to jail. A youth detention center, also known as a juvenile detention center or, known as juvie, is a secure residential facility for young people. They are called juvenile delinquents. They are waiting court hearings and/or placement in long-term care.(www.BOP.org) There are approximately 1494 prisons in the United States. Jail is where people serve time for the bad stuff they did, a place where a person convicted of a crime is detained. Prison is a place for those convicted of serious crimes. Felony charges are more serious crimes that carry much higher jail time. Misdemeanor charges are still serious crimes just not as dangerous nor se... ...y will schedule a hearing to think about the sentence at a later date. In most felony cases the judge waits for the results of a presentence report, prepared by the court's probation office, before making the sentence. If the defendant pleads not guilty, the judge will proceed to schedule a trial. People charged do not have to prove their innocence. Instead, the government must provide evidence to convince the jury of the person’s guilt. The level of proof in a criminal trial is proof "beyond a reasonable doubt," which means the evidence must be so strong that there is no logical doubt that the person charged committed the crime. (http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/UnderstandingtheFederalCourts/HowCourtsWork/CriminalCases.aspx) Works Cited: www.fbi.gov www.uscourts.gov www.fedstats.gov www.state.gov www.zellislaw.com www.avvo.com www.wisegeek.com

Hazrat Muhammad (saw) today’s Prophet Essay

When we talk about the historical personalities, Hazrat Mohammad PBUH is the greatest person among all. Prophet Mohammad PBUH is the last and perfect Prophet of Allah. I am pleased to share Prophet Mohammad PBUH actions towards each and every matter. Prophet Mohammad PBUH was the greatest scholar. His teachings are regarded the most valuable and acceptable knowledge. Not only Muslims but also non-Muslims are greatly inspired with his character and commend his nobility. Prophet Mohammad PBUH taught human being that how to be gentle and kind with other people and even with the animals. he life of the Holy Prophet, peace be on him, was a life of grand success. In his high moral qualities, his spiritual power, his high resolve, the excellence and perfection of his teaching, his perfect example and the acceptance of his prayers, in short, in every aspect of his life, he exhibited such bright signs that even a person of low intelligence, provided he is not inspired by unreasonable rancour and enmity, is forced to confess that he was a perfect example of the manifestation of Divine qualities and was a perfect man. . Prophet Mohammad PBUH was a great model for all the humanity. This article contains some actions towards every matter done by our beloved Prophet Hazrat Mohammad PBUH. Mercy to all mankind: Allah Subhanoho wa-T’ala Says to Prophet Muhammad (s.a.a.w.) in The Holy Quran: â€Å"And We have not sent you except as a mercy to mankind.† Hadrat Abu Huraira said: the Prophet was asked to curse the infidels. He said, â€Å"I have not been sent to curse people but as a mercy to all mankind.† (Muslim) Mother of faithful believers Hadrat Aisha (said that she once asked the Holy Prophet :’Did you face a day severer than the day of the battle of Uhud? ‘He answered: ‘Yes I have experienced such things at the hands of your people and such a day was the day of Aqabah. On this day I presented me. In this cloud I saw Angel Jibril (peace be upon him) who called me and said: Allah, the Most High, has heard what your people have said to you and the response to your offer. Allah has now sent the Angel of the Mountains to you to carry out your orders to do what you might like to be done to them. Then the Angel of the Mountains addressed me greeting with Salam and then said: ‘Muhammad! Allah (The Glorified and the Exalted) has heard what your people have said to you. I am the Angel of the Mountains and my Lord has sent me to you to carry out your orders. What do you want now to be done? If you like I may crush them between the two mountains encircling the city of Makka. The Holy Prophet replied: (I do not want their destruction) I am still hopeful that Allah will make some of their children (good Muslims) who would worship Allah, the One, without associating anybody with Him. His manners and disposition: â€Å"By the grace of Allah, you are gentle towards the people; if you had been stern and ill-tempered, they would have dispersed from round about you† (translation of Qur’an 3:159) About himself the prophet (pbuh) said:†Allah has sent me as an apostle so that I may demonstrate perfection of character, refinement of manners and loftiness of deportment.† By nature he was gentle and kind hearted, always inclined to be gracious and to overlook the faults of others. Politeness and courtesy, compassion and tenderness, simplicity and humility, sympathy and sincerity were some of the keynotes of his character. In the cause of right and justice he could be resolute and severe but more often than not, his severity was tempered with generosity. He had charming manners which won him the affection of his followers and secured their devotion. Though virtual king of Arabia and an apostle of Allah, he never assumed an air of superiority. Not that he had to conceal any such vein by practice and artifice: with fear of Allah, sincere humility was ingrained in his heart. He used to say, â€Å"I am a Prophet of Allah but I do not know what will be my end.† In one of his sermons calculated to instill the fear of Allah and the day of reckoning in the hearts of men, he said, â€Å"O people of Quraish be prepared for the hereafter, I cannot save you from the punishment of Allah; O Bani Abd Manaf, I cannot save you from Allah; O Abbas, son of Abdul Mutalib, I cannot protect you either; O Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, even you I cannot save.† He used to pray,:†O Allah! I am but a man. If I hurt any one in any manner, then forgive me and do not punish me.† He always received people with courtesy and showed respect to older people and stated: â€Å"To honor an old man is to show respect to Allah.† He would not deny courtesy even to wicked persons. It is stated that a person came to his house and asked permission for admission. The prophet (pbuh) remarked that he was not a good person but might be admitted. When he came in and while he remained in the house, he was shown full courtesy. When he left Aiysha (ra) said, â€Å"You did not think well of this man, but you treated him so well.† The prophet (pbuh) replied, â€Å"He is a bad person in the sight of Allah who does not behave courteously and people shun his company bacause of his bad manners.† He was always the first to greet another and would not withdraw his hand from a handshake till the other man withdrew his. If one wanted to say something in his ears, he would not turn away till one had finished . He did not like people to get up for him and used to say,†Let him who likes people to stand up in his honour, he should seek a place in hell.† He would himself, however, stand up when any dignitary came to him. He had stood up to receive the wet nurse who had reared him in infancy and had spread his own sheet for her. His foster brother was given similar treatment. He avoided sitting at a prominent place in a gathering, so much so that people coming in had difficulty in spotting him and had to ask which was the Prophet (pbuh). Quite frequently uncouth Bedouins accosted him in their own gruff and impolite manner but he never took offence. He used to visit the poorest of ailing persons and exhorted all muslims to do likewise â€Å". He would sit with he humblest of persons saying that righteousness alone was the criterion of one’s superiority over another. He invariably invited people be they slaves, servants or the poorest believers, to partake with him of his scanty meals . Whenever he visited a person he would first greet him and then take his permission to enter the house. He advised the people to follow this etiquette and not to get annoyed if anyone declined to give permission, for it was quite likely the person concerned was busy otherwise and did not mean any disrespect (Ibid). There was no type of household work too low or too undignified for him. Aiysha (ra) has stated, â€Å"He always joined in household work and would at times mend his clothes, repair his shoes and sweep the floor. He would milk, tether, and feed his animals and do the household shopping.† He would not hesitate to do the menial work of others, particularly of orphans and widows. Once when there was no male member in the house of the companion Kabab Bin Arat who had gone to the battlefield, he used to go to his house daily and milk his cattle for the inhabitants Justice: The Prophet (pbuh) asked people to be just and kind. As the supreme judge and arbiter, as the leader of men, as generalissimo of a rising power, as a reformer and apostle, he had always to deal with men and their affairs. He had often to deal with mutually inimical and warring tribes when showing justice to one carried the danger of antagonizing the other, and yet he never deviated from the path of justice. In administering justice, he made no distinction between believers and nonbelievers, friends and foes, high and low. From numerous instances reported in the traditions, a few are given below. Sakhar, a chief of a tribe, had helped Muhammad (pbuh) greatly in the seige of Taif, for which he was naturally obliged to him. Soon after, two charges were brought against Sakhar: one by Mughira of illegal confinement of his (Mughira’s) aunt and the other by Banu Salim of forcible occupation of his spring by Sakhar. In both cases, he decided against Sakhar and made him undo the wrong. (Abu Dawud, Sunan Dawud, pg.80) Abdullah Bin Sahal, a companion, was deputed to collect rent from Jews of Khaibar. His cousin Mahisa accompanied him but, on reaching Khaibar, they had separated. Abdullah was waylaid and done to death. Mahisa reported this tragedy to the Prophet (pbuh) but as there were no eye-witnesses to identify the guilty, he did not say anything to the Jews and paid the blood-money out of the state revenues. A woman of the Makhzoom family with good connections was found guilty of theft. For the prestige of the Quraish, some prominent people including Asama Bin Zaid interceded to save her from punishment. The Prophet (pbuh) refused to condone the crime and expressed displeasure saying, â€Å"Many a community ruined itself in the past as they only punished the poor and ignored the offences of the exalted. By Allah, if Muhammad’s (My) daughter Fatima would have committed theft, her hand would have been severed.† (Bukhari, Sahh Bukhari, Chapter â€Å"Alhadood†) The Jews, in spite of their hostility to the Prophet (pbuh), were so impressed by his impartiallity and sense of justice that they used to bring their cases to him, and he decided them according to Jewish law. (Abu Dawud, Sunan Dawud) Once, while he was distributing the spoils of war, people flocked around him and one man almost fell upon him. He pushed the men with a stick causing a slight abrasion. He was so sorry about this that he told the man that he could have his revenge, but the man said, â€Å"O messenger of Allah, I forgive you.† (Abu Dawud, Kitablu Diyat). In his fatal illness, the Prophet (pbuh) proclaimed in a concourse assembled at his house that if he owed anything to anyone the person concerned could claim it; if he had ever hurt anyone’s person, honor or property, he could have his price while he was yet in this world. A hush fell on the crowd. One man came forward to claim a few dirhams which were paid at once. (Ibn Hisham, Sirat-ur-Rasul) Equality: Muhammad (pbuh) asked people to shun notions of racial, family or any other form of superiority based on mundane things and said that righteousness alone was the criterion of one’s superiority over another. It has already been shown how he mixed with everyone on equal terms, how he ate with slaves, servants and the poorest on the same sheet (a practice that is still followed in Arabia), how he refused all privileges and worked like any ordinary laborer. Two instances may, however, be quoted here: Once the Prophet (pbuh) visited Saad Bin Abadah. While returning Saad sent his son Quais with him. The Prophet (pbuh) asked Quais to mount his camel with him. Quais hesitated out of respect but the Prophet (pbuh) insisted: â€Å"Either mount the camel or go back.† Quais decided to go back. (Abu Dawud, Kitabul Adab) On another occasion he was traveling on his camel over hilly terrain with a disciple, Uqba Bin Aamir. After going some distance, he asked Uqba to ride the camel, but Uqba thought this would be showing disrespect to the Prophet (pbuh). But the Prophet (pbuh) insisted and he had to comply. The Prophet (pbuh) himself walked on foot as he did not want to put too much load on the animal. (Nasai pg. 803) The prisioners of war of Badr included Abbas, the uncle of the Prophet (pbuh). Some people were prepared to forgo their shares and remit the Prophet’s (pbuh) ransom but he declined saying that he could make no distinctions. (Bukhari, Sahih Bukhari, Chapter â€Å"Ransoms†) During a halt on a journey, the companions apportioned work among themselves for preparing food. The Prophet (pbuh) took upon himself the task of collecting firewood. His companions pleaded that they would do it and that he need not take the trouble, but he replied, â€Å"It is true, but I do not like to attribute any distinction to myself. Allah does not like the man who considers himself superior to his companions

Personality in Politics: Analyzing George W. Bush Essay

The relationship between personality, experience, and political decision-making has been established in several studies. This has been undertaken using â€Å"at a distance techniques† which evaluate the relationship using biographies, speeches, and text from interviews. One of the most prominent names that focused on the predictive ability of personality on political styles and actions of world leaders has been renowned political scientists Margaret Hermann. Hermann lists six factors that influence the impact of world leaders on foreign policy. â€Å"1) what their world view is; 2) what their political style is like; 3) what motivates them to have the position they do; 4) whether they are interested in and have training in foreign affairs; 5) what the foreign policy climate was like when the leader was starting out his or her political career; and 6) how the leader was socialized into his or her present position. † Essentially, personality, background, and previous experiences shape the foreign policy-making behavior of world leaders. This becomes especially clear when leaders confront a national crisis. How a leader conducts foreign affairs in the midst of crisis heightens his level of control on decision-making and resources. It is during this time that the interplay of personality and experience can be evaluated on their impact on the leader’s words and actions. Personality is a significant modifier in a leader’s foreign policy-making behavior. This was posited by Hermann in her leadership analysis of 51 world leaders. Hermann (2003) defined personality to be a mixture of seven traits. These were â€Å"`1) belief in ability to control events, 2) conceptual complexity, 3) need for power, 4) distrust of others, 5) in-group bias, 6) self-confidence, and 7) task orientation. † This paper applies this mode of analysis on George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States with an emphasis on his behavior during the September 11 Crisis and the Iraq War. Bush displayed high belief in his ability to control events, a personality trait related to how an individual perceives his control over political circumstances and his perception on the influence or significance of his state in resolving a foreign policy issue. Judging on his pronouncements about the righteousness of the Iraq War and the responsibility of the US and its allies to stop Saddam Hussein, Bush was strong, even arrogant in his belief that the US must wage war, even going against the judgment of the United Nations Security Council, â€Å"America will never seek a permission slip to defend the security of our people. † In terms of his conceptual complexity, Bush was more inclined to see foreign affairs in black and white terms than appreciate it to be the result of a myriad of factors. Bush displays a straightforward binary stance on the positioning of countries in foreign affairs, most notably the classification that all US action is good and countries better follow it. In his speech precursor to the US campaign after September 11, Bush said, â€Å"Every nation in every region now has a decision to make: Either you are with us or you are with the terrorists. † In analyzing the causes of foreign policy problems, Bush went for the superficial explanation in place of the complex one. In terms of self-confidence, Bush displays high levels of optimism and fervor despite being placed in tight situations. His well-known Bushisms, for instance, seemed to have not marred his confidence or his nature. Despite his numerous verbal fiascos such as in addressing families of victims of September 11, â€Å"They misunderestimated the compassion of our country†¦ I talk to families who die,† Bush has managed to even make fun of himself. In sum, the foreign policy decisions of George W. Bush were reflective of his personality that is characterized by high belief in ability to control events, low conceptual complexity, and high degree of self-confidence. His personality and background created a foreign policy legacy which became detrimental to his party’s bid for the 2010 presidential seat. Bibliography CNN. â€Å"State of the Union Address,† (2004) http://edition. cnn. com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/sotu. transcript. 1/index. html (accessed May 8, 2010). CNN. â€Å"Transcript of President Bush’s address. † (2001) http://edition. cnn. com/2001/US/09/20/gen. bush. transcript/ (accessed May 8, 2010). Feller, Ben, â€Å"Analysis: Bush’s Personality Shapes His Legacy. † MSNBC (Jan. 3, 2009), http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/28482517/ (accessed May 8, 2010). Hermann, Margaret, â€Å"Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders. † International Studies Quarterly (1983) 24:7-46. Hermann, Margaret, â€Å"Assessing Leadership Style: Trait Analysis,† in The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders, ed. J. M. Post (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003).